Combine the 1 1/2 cups all-purpose flour and 1 teaspoon sugar and 1/2 teaspoon kosher salt in a large bowl. Add the 10 tablespoons cold unsalted butter, cut into small pieces, and toss to coat. Using a pastry cutter or your fingers, blend the butter into the flour until it is in small, pebble-sized pieces.
Add the 5 tablespoons cold buttermilk. Gently squeeze it into the flour mixture. Add an additional 1-4 tablespoons of buttermilk as needed, a little at a time, until the dough holds together. Form into a disk, wrap in plastic wrap, and refrigerate for at least 30 minutes or up to 1 day.
Heat the oven to 375°F and arrange a rack in the bottom third. Roll the dough into a 1/4-inch-thick circle on a lightly floured surface. If the dough starts to crack or become too sticky, stick in the freezer for 15 minutes then continue to roll. Line a 10-inch pie pan or a 9-inch deep-dish pie pan with the dough.
Trim the edges so there is only a 1-inch overhand. Fold and crimp the overhang then place crust in the freezer for at least 15 minutes (or up to overnight).
Set the pie pan on a baking sheet. Line the crust with parchment paper or foil and fill with dried beans or pie weights. Bake for 15 minutes. Carefully remove the lining and weights, then bake for about 10 more minutes, until the bottom looks dry. Transfer to a wire rack to cool. Keep the oven at 375°F.