Melt 2 tablespoons of the butter in a large frying pan over medium heat. Add the 5 cups chopped apples and the 3/4 cup dark brown sugar. Stir to combine and continue cooking until apples are tender and caramelized. Transfer to a heatproof bowl and let cool.
Heat oven to 350°F. Grease a 9 x 5 1/2in (1 pound) loaf pan and line with parchment paper so it is hanging over by an inch on the long sides.
Combine with 1 cup plus 2 tablespoons flour, 2 1/4 teaspoons cinnamon, 1 1/2 teaspoons ground ginger, 3/4 teaspoon ground cloves, 1/4 teaspoon kosher salt, and 1/2 teaspoon baking soda in a large bowl. Whisk to break up any lumps until evenly mixed.
Beat the remaining 12 tablespoons of butter in a stand mixer fitted with the paddle attachment until creamy, about 2 minutes. Stop and scrape down the sides of the bowl with a silicone spatula.
Add the 3/4 cup of sugar and 1 1/2 teaspoons vanilla and beat at medium-high speed until fluffy, about 5 minutes. Stop and scrape down the edges of the bowl again.
Add the 3 eggs (1 at a time), beating well and scraping down the bowl between additions. Add the dry ingredients in 3 batches, alternating with the 1/4 cup sour cream; beat on low until just combined
Fold in 1 1/2 cups of the caramelized apples in with a rubber spatula. Do not add all the apples. Pour batter into the prepared pan and smooth the top. Save the remaining apples for serving.
Bake for 1 hour-1 hour 10 minutes or until the top is golden and cracked and a skewer inserted in the center comes with a few moist crumbs attached. Transfer cake to a wire rack and let cool for 15 minutes before pulling out of the pan to cool completely.