Bring the 12 cups water, 1 cup white wine, 1/3 cup fish sauce, 1/4 cup light brown sugar, 3-inch piece ginger, 3 scallions, 3 garlic cloves, 1 bunch cilantro, 2 pieces orange peel, 10 black peppercorns, 10 cloves, 6 star anise, and the 2 1/2 pounds short ribs to a boil in a large soup pot.
Reduce heat to a gentle simmer, cover, and cook until a sharp knife is easily inserted, but not falling apart (you will need to slice it later), about 2-3 hours. Let meat stand in cooking liquid 1 hour, or overnight.
Transfer meat to a cutting board with tongs and discard bones, membranes, and fat then cut meat across the grain into 1/2-inch thick slices.
Pour beef broth through a fine mesh sieve into a bowl and discard solids. Wash out the pot then return the broth and reheat soup over low heat. Stir in the tablespoon of salt, taste and see if it needs more salt.
Meanwhile, bring a large stockpot of heavily salted water to a boil. Add rice noodles and cook according to package instructions. Drain and divide noodles between 6 large bowls. Divide meat between the bowls. Ladle soup over noodles and serve with jalapeño, Thai basil leaves, cilantro, lime wedges, and mung bean sprouts for garnish.